Program penanggulangan bencana berbasis masyarakat dalam kesiapsiagaan masyarakat menghadapi banjir sungai Krueng, Langsa Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam-Indonesia

Abstract

Community-based disaster management program of community preparedness towards flood in Krueng river, Langsa Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Indonesia

Background: Indonesia often experiences hydrometeorological disasters comprising floods, landslides, abrasion, forest and land fires, drought and tornadoes because several areas in Indonesia have riverbanks. The National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure reported that around 64.7 million people were at risk of flooding and landslides. In January 2020 there were 207 disaster events that occurred in Indonesia. The disasters that occur in Indonesia dominated by types of hydrometeorological disasters such as; tornado with total of 90 incidents, 67 floods, 45 landslides, 3 forest and land fires and 2 abrasion waves. Indonesia has the potential for emergencies of disaster. However, until now disaster management and efforts to reduce the frequency and magnitude of disasters are still very difficult to implement. Disaster management efforts are currently experiencing a fundamental change and action. Disaster management focuses more on community participation as actors of disaster management. One method of disaster management today is community-based disaster preparedness because the community, as the party affected by the disaster, must empower with adequate knowledge and skills, so that they can make efforts to manage the impact of disasters and reduce risks.

Purpose: To determine the effect of community-based disaster management program of community preparedness towards flood in Krueng river, Langsa Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Indonesia.

Method: A quasi-experiment with a one group pre-test-post-test design approach. The locations chosen in this study were a community in three villages in Langsa Subdistrict that often experience floods. Sampling using purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 66 families.

Results: Based on the Wilcoxon test, it found that education about disaster management could influence the attitudes and knowledge of partisipants with p-value = 0,000, policies with p-value = 0,000, emergency response plans with p-value = 0,000, early warning systems with p-value. = 0,000 and resource mobilization with p-value 0,000 and preparedness index with p-value = 0,000.

Conclusion: Education on community-based disaster management can improve the index of community preparedness in facing floods. Suggestion: It is necessary to increase active community participation in disaster management, which includes pre-disaster, disaster emergency and post-disaster in order to increase community preparedness in facing flood disasters. The National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure needs to develop guidelines on management of natural disasters that occur specifically for flood disasters in order to increase community participation to minimize on damage impact of flood.

Keywords : Community-based disaster; Management program; Community preparedness; Flood

Pendahuluan: Indonesia sering mengalami bencana hidrometeorologi yang terdiri banjir, tanah longsor, gelombang pasang/abrasi, kebakaran hutan, dan lahan, kekeringan dan puting beliung karena sejumlah daerah di Indonesia memiliki bantaran sungai. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) mencatat ada sekitar 64,7 juta jiwa terancam banjir dan longsor. Data Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) pada Januari 2020 ada 207 kejadian bencana yang terjadi di Indonesia. Adapun jenis-jenis bencana yang terjadi di Indonesia didominasi dengan jenis bencana hidrometeorologi seperti di antaranya; puting beliung dengan total 90 kejadian, banjir 67 kejadian, tanah longsor 45 kejadian, kebakaran hutan dan lahan 3 kejadian dan gelombang pasang/abrasi sebanyak 2 kejadian. Indonesia memiliki potensi munculnya kegawatdaruratan bencana. Namun hingga kini manajemen kebencanaan dan upaya untuk mengurangi frekuensi serta besarnya bencana masih sangat sulit dilakukan. Upaya penanganan bencana pada saat ini, mengalami perubahan paradigma maupaun tindakan. Penanganan bencana lebih  menitikberatkan pada partisipasi masyarakat sebagai pelaku dari penanggulangan bencana. Salah satu metode yang tepat dalam penanganan bencana sekarang ini adalah kesiapsiagaan bencana berbasis masyarakat karena masyarakat sebagai pihak yang terkena dampak bencana, harus diberdayakan dengan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan yang memadai, sehingga mampu melakukan upaya upaya penanganan dampak bencana dan pengurangan resiko.

Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh Program penanggulangan bencana berbasis masyarakat dalam kesiapsiagaan masyarakat menghadapi banjir sungai Krueng, Langsa Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam-Indonesia

Metode: Penelitian quasi experiment dengan pendekatan one group pre test-post test design. Lokasinya di tiga desa di Kecamatan Langsa yang sering mengalami bencana banjir yaitu Kampung Seulalah, Sidodadi dan Sidorejo. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 66 kepala keluarga.

Hasil: Berdasarkan uji Wilcoxon didapatkan bahwa edukasi tentang manajemen bencana mampu mempengaruhi sikap dan pengetahuanpartisipan dengan p-value = 0,000, kebijakan dengan p-value = 0,000, rencana tanggap darurat dengan p-value = 0,000, sistem peringatan dini dengan p-value = 0,000 dan mobilisasi sumberdaya dengan p-value 0,000 serta indeks kesiapsiagaan dengan p-value = 0,000.

Simpulan: Edukasi tentang manajemen bencana berbasis komunitas mampu meningkatkan indeks kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dalam menghadapi banjir.

Saran: Perlu peningkatan partisipasi aktif masyarakat dalam manajemen bencana yang meliputi lingkup pra bencana, darurat bencana dan pasca bencana guna meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dalam menghadapi bencana banjir. BNBP perlu menyusun pedoman tentang manajemen bencana alam yang terjadi yang spesifik tentang bencana banjir agar dapat meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam meminimalkan kerusakan dan dampak banjir.