The Association Between Complete Immunization Status And The Occurrence Of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Among Toddlers At Yosomulyo Public Health Center

Abstract

Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) salah satu penyebab mordibitas dan mortalitas balita di seluruh dunia berdasarkan data World Health Organization 2024 ISPA menyerang 20% anak usia <5 tahun secara global, berdasarkan data SKI tahun 2023 prevalensi ISPA diindonesia sebesar 24,2%,(Kemenkes RI, 2023). Berdasarkan data Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Lampung tahun 2023 kasus ISPA balita mencapai 211.890 kasus (23,3%), tahun 2023 kasus ISPA di Kota Metro sebanyak 6.342 kasus (35,9%), (Dinkes Kota Metro, 2023). Tahun 2023 kasus ISPA di Puskesmas Yosomulyo sebesar 1.296 kasus (38%) (Dinkes Kota Metro, 2023). Berdasarkan data prasurvei 2024 di Puskesmas Yosomulyo kasus ISPA  sebesar 1.094 presentase (32%). Penelitia ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan status imunisasi dengan kejadian ISPA pada Balita di Puskesmas Yosomulyo. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif analitik dengan desain cross-sectional. Populasi pada penelitian adalah seluruh balita yang berkunjung di Puskesmas Yosomulyo dengan jumlah populasi 3.411 balita, dan sampel penelitian berjumlah 94 balita yang dipilih menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Imunisasi lengkap didefinisikan sebagai upaya meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh dan pembatasan terhadap penyakit menular (Nur, 2015). Verifikasi data status imunisasi dilakukan melalui rekam medis serta wawancara menggunakan kuesioner kepada orang tua. Kejadian ISPA didefinisikan sebagai radang akut yang menyerang sistem saluran pernapasan atas (Maryunani, 2021). Kejadian ISPA dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti status imunisasi, status gizi, berat badan lahir, pemberian ASI eksklusif, vitamin A, paparan asap rokok, ventilasi rumah, kepadatan hunian, dan pendidikan orang tua. (Aryunani, 2021). Analisis data dilakukan secara Univariate dan Bivariat dengan Uji Chi Square dengan menentukan tingkat kepercayaan 95% Hasil penelitian proporsi status imunisasi tidak lengkap pada balita sebesar (31,9%), proporsi kejadian ISPA sebesar (45,7%). Hasil uji statistik ada hubungan status imunisasi dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita di Puskesmas Yosomulyo didapatkan p value = 0,000 dan OR 27,000. Peneliti berharap agar pihak Puskesmas Yosomulyo dapat mengoptimalkan verifikasi kelengkapan status imunisasi balita melalui pemantauan Buku KIA dan rekam medis, serta meningkatkan program edukasi kesehatan bagi orang tua balita.

Kata Kunci: Balita, ISPA, status imunisasi

ABSTRACT

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among toddlers worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (2024), ARI affects approximately 20% of children under five years of age globally. In Indonesia, the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI) reported an ARI prevalence of 24.2% among children under five (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2023). Based on the 2023 Lampung Provincial Health Profile, there were 211,890 ARI cases (23.3%) among toddlers. In Metro City, 6,342 ARI cases (35.9%) were reported in 2023 (Metro City Health Office, 2023). At Yosomulyo Public Health Center, 1,296 ARI cases (38%) were recorded in 2023, while preliminary survey data in 2024 reported 1,094 ARI cases (32%). This study aimed to determine the association between complete immunization status and the occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) among toddlers at Yosomulyo Public Health Center. This quantitative analytic study employed a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of 3,411 toddlers who visited Yosomulyo Public Health Center, and 94 toddlers were selected using accidental sampling. Complete immunization was defined as the administration of all recommended vaccines according to the national immunization schedule to enhance immunity and protect against vaccine-preventable diseases (Nur, 2015). Immunization status was verified through medical records and interviews with parents using a structured questionnaire. ARI occurrence was defined as an acute inflammation affecting the upper respiratory tract (Maryunani, 2021). ARI occurrence may be influenced by several factors, including immunization status, nutritional status, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation, exposure to cigarette smoke, household ventilation, housing density, and parental education (Maryunani, 2021). Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses with the Chi-square test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that 31.9% of toddlers had incomplete immunization, while 45.7% experienced ARI. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between immunization status and ARI occurrence among toddlers at Yosomulyo Public Health Center (p =0.000; OR = 27.00). The findings suggest that Yosomulyo Public Health Center should strengthen the verification of toddlers' immunization status through regular monitoring of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Handbook and medical records, as well as enhance health education programs for parents to improve complete immunization coverage and reduce the occurrence of ARI among toddlers.

Keywords: Toddlers,acute respiratory infections, immunization status