Laporan Kasus : Sindrom Aspirasi Mekonium Pada Neonatus
Sari
ABSTRACT
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) remains a significant cause of respiratory distress in term and post-term neonates, contributing to neonatal morbidity and mortality. The condition results from aspiration of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, leading to airway obstruction, inflammatory lung injury, surfactant inactivation, and impaired gas exchange. Differentiating MAS from other causes of early neonatal respiratory distress, particularly neonatal pneumonia and early-onset sepsis, remains clinically challenging. We report a case of a term female neonate born at 39 weeks of gestation via cesarean section, who developed respiratory distress immediately after birth following exposure to meconium-stained amniotic fluid. The infant presented with weak crying, central cyanosis, grunting, and subcostal retractions, requiring positive pressure ventilation and supplemental oxygen. Laboratory evaluation revealed leukocytosis without other significant hematologic abnormalities. Chest radiography demonstrated findings consistent with neonatal pneumonia. Supportive respiratory management and empiric antibiotic therapy were initiated while further evaluation for infection was conducted. Discussion: The clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and radiographic features supported the diagnosis of mild to moderate MAS, with neonatal pneumonia and early-onset sepsis considered as differential diagnoses. The case highlights the inflammatory pathophysiology of MAS and the overlap of clinical and radiological features with neonatal infection. Evidence from current literature emphasizes that supportive respiratory care remains the cornerstone of management, while the use of empiric antibiotics should be guided by serial clinical and laboratory assessment. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of integrated clinical, laboratory, and radiological evaluation in the diagnosis and management of MAS. Early recognition and appropriate supportive care are essential to optimize neonatal outcomes and avoid unnecessary interventions.
Keywords: Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Neonatal Respiratory Distress, Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid, Neonatal Pneumonia, Term Neonate.
ABSTRAK
Sindrom Aspirasi Mekonium (SAM) masih merupakan salah satu penyebab penting distres pernapasan pada neonatus cukup bulan dan post-term, serta berkontribusi terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas neonatal. Kondisi ini terjadi akibat aspirasi cairan ketuban bercampur mekonium yang menyebabkan obstruksi jalan napas, cedera paru akibat inflamasi, inaktivasi surfaktan, dan gangguan pertukaran gas. Secara klinis, membedakan SAM dari penyebab lain distres pernapasan neonatal dini, khususnya pneumonia neonatal dan sepsis onset dini, masih menjadi tantangan. Kami melaporkan suatu kasus neonatus perempuan cukup bulan, lahir pada usia kehamilan 39 minggu melalui seksio sesarea, yang mengalami distres pernapasan segera setelah lahir dengan riwayat paparan cairan ketuban bercampur mekonium. Bayi lahir dengan tangisan lemah, sianosis sentral, disertai grunting dan retraksi subkostal, sehingga memerlukan ventilasi tekanan positif dan suplementasi oksigen. Pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan leukositosis tanpa kelainan hematologis bermakna lainnya. Pemeriksaan radiografi toraks memperlihatkan gambaran yang konsisten dengan pneumonia neonatal. Terapi suportif pernapasan serta antibiotik empiris diberikan sambil dilakukan evaluasi lanjutan terhadap kemungkinan infeksi. Gambaran klinis, hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, dan temuan radiologis mendukung diagnosis MAS derajat ringan hingga sedang, dengan pneumonia neonatal dan sepsis onset dini sebagai diagnosis banding. Kasus ini menyoroti mekanisme patofisiologi inflamasi pada MAS serta adanya tumpang tindih manifestasi klinis dan radiologis dengan infeksi neonatal. Bukti dari literatur terkini menegaskan bahwa terapi suportif pernapasan merupakan pilar utama penatalaksanaan MAS, sedangkan pemberian antibiotik empiris sebaiknya dipertimbangkan berdasarkan evaluasi klinis dan pemeriksaan laboratorium serial. Kasus ini menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan terpadu melalui evaluasi klinis, laboratorium, dan radiologis dalam menegakkan diagnosis dan menentukan tatalaksana MAS. Pengenalan dini dan pemberian terapi suportif yang tepat sangat penting untuk mengoptimalkan luaran neonatal serta mencegah intervensi yang tidak diperlukan.
Kata Kunci: Sindrom Aspirasi Mekonium, Distres Pernapasan Neonatal, Cairan Ketuban Bercampur Mekonium, Pneumonia Neonatal, Neonatus Cukup Bulan.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v8i3.24424
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