Panduan Penulisan
Implementasi Program Pencegahan dan Penanganan HIV/AIDS di Kota Tebing Tinggi
Sari
ABSTRACT
Indonesian government official reports in 2022 found that more than 543.100 people living with AIDS live in Indonesia, but only 79% of them know their HIV status and only 41,7% took ART drugs. To achieve the United Nations and World Health Organization's 95-95-95 goals, the Indonesian government collaborates with local governments, and local, national, and international organizations, and actively involves the general public. This study aims to assess the implementation of HIV/AIDS prevention and management programs in Tebing Tinggi. This qualitative descriptive study was carried out in the city of Tebing Tinggi and involves ten informants consisting of five key informants (Health Departments’ Communicable Disease Abatement Manager and person in charge in four government-run VCT clinics) and five regular informants (people living with HIV). Data in this study was collected through an in-depth interview with each informant with the help of interview guidelines and constant cross-checking of information among the informants. This study found that implementation of the HIV/AIDS prevention and management programs in Tebing Tinggi was with effective, clear, and consistent communications, adequate staffing and facilities, high compliance and suitable competency, and the existence of SOP and clear hierarchal responsibilities. However, the implementation of these programs remains hampered by inadequate funding, the absence of incentives, and the public reluctance to participate due to the negative stigma. It can be concluded that overall implementation of the HIV/AIDS prevention and management in Tebing Tinggi is relatively good; with some room for improvement for better implementation in the following year.
Keywords: AIDS, HIV, Implementation, Policy, Program
ABSTRAK
Laporan resmi pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 2022 menemukan jumlah ODHA di Indonesia mencapai 543.100 jiwa, namun hanya 79% yang mengetahui status HIV-nya dan hanya 41,7% yang menerima ART. Untuk mencapai target 95-95-95 yang ditetapkan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, pemerintah Indonesia bekerja sama dengan seluruh tingkat pemerintahan, organisasi lokal, nasional, dan internasional, serta aktif melibatkan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi program pencegahan dan penanganan HIV/AIDS di Kota Tebing Tinggi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang dilaksanakan di Kota Tebing Tinggi yang melibatkan lima informan kunci (Pengelola Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular Langsung Dinas Kesehatan Kota Tebing Tinggi dan empat penanggung jawab program di klinik VCT milik pemerintah); dan lima informan biasa (ODHIV yang berada di Kota Tebing Tinggi). Data pada penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui wawancara yang mendalam dengan bantuan alat panduan wawancara. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pelaksanaan program pencegahan dan penanganan HIV/AIDS di Kota Tebing Tinggi memiliki komunikasi yang efektif, jelas, dan konsisten, sumber daya manusia dan sarana dan prasarana yang adekuat, kepatuhan yang tinggi disertai kompetensi yang sesuai, serta adanya SOP dan distribusi tanggung jawab yang jelas. Namun, pelaksanaan program-program ini masih dihambat oleh keterbatasan anggaran, tidak tersedianya insentif, serta keengganan masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dikarenakan stigma negatif terhadap ODHIV. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan program pencegahan dan penanganan HIV/AIDS di Kota Tebing Tinggi berjalan dengan cukup baik dan masih terdapat ruang untuk peningkatan pengimplementasian yang lebih baik lagi.
Kata Kunci: AIDS, HIV, Implementasi, Kebijakan, Program
Teks Lengkap:
Download ArtikelReferensi
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara (2022) Jumlah Kasus Penyakit Menurut Kabupaten/Kota Dan Jenis Penyakit Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara 2022, Kesehatan. Tersedia Pada: Https://Sumut.Bps.Go.Id/Statictable/2023/03/30/3064/Jumlah-Kasus-Penyakit-Menurut-Kabupaten-Kota-Dan-Jenis-Penyakit-Di-Provinsi-Sumatera-Utara-2022.Html (Diakses: 8 Oktober 2023).
Bardach, E. (1977) The Implementation Game. Cambridge: Mit Press.
Berman, P. (1978) “The Study Of Macro- And Micro-Implementation,” Public Policy, 26(2), Hal. 157–184.
Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (2019) Hiv/Aids Basic Statistics. Tersedia Pada: Https://Www.Cdc.Gov/Hiv/Basics/Statistics.Html (Diakses: 8 Oktober 2023).
Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (2020) Hiv Risk And Prevention, Hiv. Tersedia Pada: Https://Www.Cdc.Gov/Hiv/Risk/Index.Html (Diakses: 9 Oktober 2023).
Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (2022) About Hiv, Hiv Basics. Tersedia Pada: Https://Www.Cdc.Gov/Hiv/Basics/Whatishiv.Html (Diakses: 12 Juni 2023).
Darmawansyah, Arifin, M.A., Abadi, M.Y., Fajrin, M. Al, Dan Mallongi, A. (2020) “Decentralization Implementation Of Hiv/Aids Programs In The Province Of South Sulawesi,” Medico-Legal Update, 20(4).
Ditjen P2p Kemenkes Republik Indonesia (2022) Laporan Tahunan Hiv/Aids 2022. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Dorland, W.A.N., Neumann, P.E., Gest, T.R., Dan Mejino, J.L. V. (2020) Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 33rd Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
Eisinger, R.W., Dieffenbach, C.W., Dan Fauci, A.S. (2019) “Hiv Viral Load And Transmissibility Of Hiv Infection: Undetectable Equals Untransmittable.,” Jama, 321(5), Hal. 451–452. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.1001/Jama.2018.21167.
Fauci, A.S., Folkers, G.K., Dan Lane, H.C. (2022) “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: Aids And Related Disorders,” In J. Loscalzo Et Al. (Ed.) Harrison’s Principles Of Internal Medicine. 21st Ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Fauci, A.S., Dan Lane, H.C. (2013) “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: Aids And Related Disorders,” In D.L. Longo Et Al. (Ed.) Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. 2nd Ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Education.
Giannou, F.K. Et Al. (2016) “Condom Effectiveness In Reducing Heterosexual Hiv Transmission: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Studies On Hiv Serodiscordant Couples.,” Expert Review Of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 16(4), Hal. 489–499. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.1586/14737167.2016.1102635.
Goggin, M.L. (1986) “The ‘Too Few Cases/Too Many Variables’ Problem In Implementation Research,” The Western Political Quarterly, 39(2), Hal. 328–347. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/448302.
Goggin, M.L., Bowman, A.O., Dan Lester, J.P. (1990) Implementation Theory And Practice: Toward A Third Generation. Scott Foresman & Company.
Goldschmidt, R.H. (2016) “Cdc Releases Updated Guidelines For Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection Drug, Or Other Nonoccupational Exposures To Hiv.,” American Family Physician, 94(5), Hal. 392–393.
Grohs, S., Adam, C., Dan Knill, C. (2016) “Are Some Citizens More Equal Than Others? Evidence From A Field Experiment,” Public Administration Review, 76(1), Hal. 155–164. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Puar.12439.
Gustafson-Brown, C. (2022) Hiv/Aids Pandemic: Origins, Science, And Global Impact. 3rd Ed. Solana Beach: Cognella Academic Publishing.
Hargrove, E. (1975) The Missing Link: The Study Of The Implementation Of Social Policy. Washinton D.C.: The Urban Institue.
Hill, M., Dan Hupe, P. (2021) Implementing Public Policy: An Introduction To The Study Of Operational Governance. 4th Editio. London: Sage Publications. Tersedia Pada: Https://Books.Google.Co.Id/Books?Id=Fno6eaaaqbaj.
Hill, M.J. (2009) The Public Policy Process. 5th Editio. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Hjern, B. (1982) “Implementation Research — The Link Gone Missing,” Journal Of Public Policy. 2008/11/28, 2(3), Hal. 301–308. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S0143814x00001975.
Hjern, B., Dan Hull, C. (1982) “Implementation Research As Empirical Constitutionalism,” European Journal Of Political Research, 10(2), Hal. 105–115. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1475-6765.1982.Tb00011.X.
Hjern, B., Dan Porter, D.O. (1981) “Implementation Structures: A New Unit Of Administrative Analysis,” Organization Studies, 2(3), Hal. 211–227. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/017084068100200301.
Hogwood, B.W., Dan Gunn, L.A. (1984) Policy Analysis For The Real World. Oxford University Press, Usa.
Hood, C. (1976) The Limits Of Administration. London: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Umi Books On Demand). Tersedia Pada: Https://Books.Google.Co.Id/Books?Id=2liwaaaaiaaj.
Irawan, B., Roesminingsih, M.V., Widodo, B.S., Dan Roesminingsih, E. (2024) “The Influence Of Communication On Policy Implementation: The Mediating Role Of Disposition,” Decision Science Letters, 13, Hal. 19–28. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.5267/Dsl.2023.12.005.
Istiqomah, A. (2020) “Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Hiv/Aids,” Higeia Journal Of Public Health Research And Development, 4(Special 4), Hal. 705–711.
Kamilia, N., Erawantini, F., Nurmawati, I., Dan Putra, D.S.H. (2021) “Evaluasi Implementasi Program Voluntary Counselling And Testing Hiv/Aids Di Puskesmas Kencong,” J-Remi: Jurnal Rekam Medik Dan Informasi Kesehatan, 2(4), Hal. 497–508.
Knill, C., Dan Tonsun, J. (2020) Public Policy: A New Introduction. 2nd Editio. London: Macmillan Education Uk.
Kogoya, Y., Togodly, A., Tingginehe, R.M., Ruru, Y., Bouway, D., Dan Mediati, N. (2024) “Evaluation Of Policy Implementation (G. Edward Iii Theory) On The Stunting Prevention And Treatment Program At Waena Health Center , Jayapura City Papua Province,” Formosa Journal Of Science And Technology, 3(2), Hal. 233–246.
Kurniawati, Fadli, K., Novita, F., Azmi, Dan Sambuardi, R. (2023) “Implementation Of Regional Peraturah Number 8 2015 On Hiv/Aids Prevention And Control (Case Study At Karimun District Aids Commission Office),” Indonesian Journal Of Social Sciences, Policy, And Politics, 1(3), Hal. 81–88.
Kusmayadi, N.W., Dan Hertati, D. (2022) “Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Hiv/Aids,” Jurnal Kebijakan Publik, 13(2).
Lester, J.P., Dan Goggin, M.L. (1998) “Back To The Future: The Rediscovery Of Implementation Studies,” Policy Currents, 8(3), Hal. 1–9.
Lipsky, M. (1980) Street Level Bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Tersedia Pada: Http://Www.Jstor.Org/Stable/10.7758/9781610447713.
Manggo, B.A. (2021) “Influence Of Hiv/Aids Policy Implementation Factors On The Performance Of Aids Commission (Kpa) In Nabire Regency,” Advances In Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(4).
Matland, R.E. (1995) “Synthesizing The Implementation Literature: The Ambiguity-Conflict Model Of Policy Implementation,” Journal Of Public Administration Research And Theory: J-Part, 5(2), Hal. 145–174. Tersedia Pada: Http://Www.Jstor.Org/Stable/1181674.
Mazmanian, D.A., Dan Sabatier, P.A. (1983) Implementation And Public Policy. Scott Foresman.
Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (2019) Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor Hk.01.07/Menkes/90/2019 Tentang Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Hiv. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (2022) Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2022 Tentang Penanggulangan Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome, Dan Infeksi Menular Seksual. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Van Meter, D.S., Dan Van Horn, C.E. (1975) “The Policy Implementation Process: A Conceptual Framework,” Administration & Society, 6(4), Hal. 445–488.
Mubarok, S., Zauhar, S., Setyowati, E., Dan Suryadi, S. (2020) “Policy Implementation Analysis: Exploration Of George Edward Iii, Marilee S Grindle, And Mazmanian And Sabatier Theories In The Policy Analysis Triangle Framework,” Journal Of Public Administration Studies, 005(01), Hal. 33–38. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.21776/Ub.Jpas.2020.005.01.7.
Nadhira, A., Dan Darmawan, E.S. (2024) “Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Pencegahan Hiv/Aids Di Provinsi Dki Jakarta Dalam Memenuhi Visi Penanganan Aids 2030,” Journal Syntax Idea, 6(01).
Noffritasari, B., Shaluhiyah, Z., Dan Adi, M.S. (2020) “Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv) Prevention Program Among Men Who Have Sex With Men (Msm) In Semarang City,” Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(1). Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.20473/Jaki.V8i1.2020.91-106.
Papadakis, M.A., Mcphee, S.J., Dan Rabow, M.W. (2020) “Current Medical Diagnosis And Treatment,” In Current Medical Diagnosis And Treatment 2020. San Francisco: Mcgraw-Hill.
Peters, B.G., Dan Pierre, J. (2006) Hanbdook Of Public Policy. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Presiden Republik Indonesia (2016) Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 124 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 75 Tahun 2006 Tentang Komisi Penanggulangan Aids Nasional. Jakarta: Presiden Republik Indonesia.
Pressman, J.L., Dan Wildavsky, A. (1973) Implementation: How Great Expectations In Washington Are Dashed In Oakland; Or, Why It’s Amazing That Federal Programs Work At All, This Being A Saga Of The Economic Development Administration As Told By Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek To Build Morals. Oakland: University Of California Press.
Pressman, J.L., Dan Wildavsky, A. (1984) Implementation: How Great Expectations In Washington Are Dashed In Oakland; Or, Why It’s Amazing That Federal Programs Work At All, This Being A Saga Of The Economic Development Administration As Told By Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek To Build Morals. 3rd Editio. Oakland: University Of California Press.
Riawati, D., Wahyuono, T., Hurairah, P., Ekanti, R., Palupi, A., Dan Herbanu, P.S. (2024) “Substansial Pemberian Edukasi Tentang Penyakit Hiv/Aids Pada Remaja,” Ngabdi: Scientific Journalof Community Services, 2(1), Hal. 24–32.
Risa P, A., Nasution, M.A., Dan Achmad, N. (2021) “Implementasi Program Konseling Dan Tes Hiv Puskesmas Teladan Guna Pencapaian Target Sustainable Development Goals (Sdgs),” Governance : Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Politik Lokal Dan Pembangunan, 7(3), Hal. 78–93.
Sabatier, P., Dan Mazmanian, D. (1980) “The Implementation Of Public Policy: A Framework Of Analysis*,” Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), Hal. 538–560. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1541-0072.1980.Tb01266.X.
Sabatier, P.A. (1986) “Top-Down And Bottom-Up Approaches To Implementation Research: A Critical Analysis And Suggested Synthesis,” Journal Of Public Policy, 6(1), Hal. 21–48.
Sartika, S. (2023) “Challenges To The Government’s Efforts To Fight Hiv/Aids: A Literature Review,” Jurnal Eduhealt, 14(02), Hal. 1208–1222.
Schneider, A.L., Dan Ingram, H.M. (1997) Policy Design For Democracy. Lawrence: University Press Of Kansas (Policy Design For Democracy). Tersedia Pada: Https://Books.Google.Co.Id/Books?Id=7x6fqgaacaaj.
Schneiderman, B.S., Barski, M.S., Dan Maertens, G.N. (2022) “Cabotegravir, The Long-Acting Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor, Potently Inhibits Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Transmission In Vitro.,” Frontiers In Medicine, 9, Hal. 889621. Tersedia Pada: Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fmed.2022.889621.
Shore, J., Dan Tosun, J. (2019) “Assessing Youth Labour Market Services: Young People’s Perceptions And Evaluations Of Service Delivery In Germany,” Public Policy And Administration, 34(1), Hal. 22–41.
Smith, T.B. (1973) “The Policy Implementation Process,” Policy Sciences, 4, Hal. 197–209.
The Joint United Nations Programme On Hiv/Aids (2023) Global Hiv & Aids Statistics - Fact Sheet, Fact Sheets. Tersedia Pada: Https://Www.Unaids.Org/En/Resources/Fact-Sheet (Diakses: 12 Juni 2023).
U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services (2018) Recommendations For The Use Of Antiretroviral Drugs In Pregnant Women With Hiv Infection And Interventions To Reduce Perinatal Hiv Transmission In The United States, Recommendations. Tersedia Pada: Https://Aidsinfo.Nih.Gov/Contentfiles/Lvguidelines/Perinatalgl.Pdf (Diakses: 8 Oktober 2023).
Widnyani, I.A.P.S., Sedana, I.D.G.P., Mirta, I.W., Dan Suryana, I.N.M. (2022) “Strategy For Policy Implementation On Hiv/Aids Prevention In Bali Province Control Policies At The Bali Provincial,” Journal Of Governance, 7(2), Hal. 443–451.
Williams, W., Dan Elmore, R.F. (1976) Social Program Implementation. New York: Academic Press.
Wilson, J.Q. (2019) Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do And Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books. Tersedia Pada: Https://Books.Google.Co.Id/Books?Id=Askudwaaqbaj.
Winter, S.C. (2012) “Implementation,” In B.G. Peters, Dan J. Pierre (Ed.) The Sage Handbook Of Public Administration. London: Sage Publications.
World Health Organization (2022) Hiv, Health Topics. Tersedia Pada: Https://Www.Who.Int/Health-Topics/Hiv-Aids (Diakses: 12 Juni 2023).
World Health Organization (2023) Hiv And Aids, Fact Sheets. Tersedia Pada: Https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Fact-Sheets/Detail/Hiv-Aids (Diakses: 12 Juni 2023).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v4i12.16256
Refbacks
- Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.
Publisher: Universitas Malahayati Lampung
Semua artikel dapat digunakan dibawah lisensi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
kostenlose besucherzähler