Spesies Malaria dan Peranannya dalam Post-Malaria Neurological Syndrome (Pmns): Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis

Hilyatul Auliya Sifarani, Syafarinah Nur Hidayah Akil, Nina Devi Indrawati

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ABSTRACT

 

Post-Malaria Neurological Syndrome (PMNS) is a rare complication that occurs after recovery from malaria. The clinical spectrum includes delayed cerebellar ataxia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Currently, PMNS cases are still rarely reported, especially in Indonesia. The syndrome is more common in patients with severe malaria, and there is currently no research identifying thepredominant species in PMNS. This study aims to analyze the role of malaria species in PMNS by presenting case data on post-malaria neurological syndrome that has not been previously studied in Indonesia. The research methodology uses PRISMA to collect literature from databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Gale Journal, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The selected articles were those published between 2010 and 2015, using the keywords "malaria," "DCA," "ADEM," "AIDP," and "neurological complications". A total of 39 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were utilized. The Result indicate that PMNS can occur in infections caused by various Plasmodium species, with a higher prevalence observed in Plasmodium falciparum. Clinical manifestations are varied, with commonly reported symptoms including motor disturbances, impairments in balance and coordination, and confusion. Abnormal results in supporting examination, such as EEG, CSF analysis, MRI, and antibody studies, suggest a potential role of immune dysregulation within the nervous system. Differences in species characteristics are thought to contribute to variations in clinical manifestations and the severity of PMNS. The type of malaria significantly affects the characteristics and manifestations of PMNS. This systematic literature review may improve the existing comprehension of PMNS and establish a foundation for future investigations in diagnostics and therapeutic approaches.

 

Keywords: Malaria, Tropical Disease, Neurological Complication, Plasmodium.

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Post-Malaria Neurological Syndrome (PMNS) merupakan komplikasi langka yang terjadi setelah sembuh dari malaria. Spektrum klinis yang dipresentasikan bervariasi, meliputi delayed cerebellar ataxia, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, dan acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Hingga saat ini, laporan kasus PMNS masih terbatas terutama di Indonesia. PMNS lebih umum terjadi pada pasien dengan malaria berat, dan belum ada literatur yang menyebutkan spesies yang paling berperan dalam PMNS. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran spesies malaria dalam PMNS dengan menyajikan data kasus PMNS yang belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya di Indonesia. Metode penelitian menggunakan PRISMA dengan mengumpulkan literatur dari basis data seperti PubMed, ScienceDirect, Gale Journal, ProQuest, dan Google Scholar. Artikel yang dipilih adalah artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2010 dan 2025, menggunakan kata kunci "malaria," "DCA," "ADEM," "AIDP," dan "komplikasi neurologis". Total artikel yang digunakan sebanyak 39 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan PMNS dapat terjadi pada infeksi yang disebabkan oleh berbagai spesies Plasmodium, dengan kecenderungan lebih sering pada Plasmodium falciparum. Manifestasi klinis yang ditemukan bervariasi dengan gejala yang sering muncul berupa gejala motorik, gangguan keseimbangan dan koordinasi, serta confusion. Pada hasil pemeriksaan penunjang yang abnormal pada EEG, CSF, MRI, dan antibodi menunjukkan adanya keterlibatan disregulasi imun terhadap sistem saraf. Perbedaan karakteristik antar spesies diduga berperan dalam variasi manifestasi klinis dan tingkat keparahan PMNS. Spesies malaria memiliki peran dalam menentukan karakteristik dan manifestasi PMNS. Tinjauan literatur sistematis ini dapat memperkaya pemahaman terhadap PMNS dan dapat menjadi dasar untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dalam aspek diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan.

 

Kata Kunci: Malaria, Penyakit Tropis, Komplikasi Neurologis, Plasmodium.


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v6i10.26207

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