Terapi Adjuvan Magnesium Sulfat Inhalasi Pada Eksaserbasi Asma Akut dengan Risiko Kematian dan Gagal Napas Tipe II Pada Kehamilan: Suatu Kasus Klinis

Christan Chaputtra Maharibe, I Made Agus Kresna Sucandra, Putu Agus Surya Panji

Sari


ABSTRACT

 

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease frequently encountered during pregnancy, with a prevalence of 3-12%. Exacerbations during pregnancy may cause severe maternal and fetal complications, including hypoxemia, preterm birth, and asthma-related death. Management of severe exacerbations is challenging because of suboptimal response to beta2-agonists and concerns regarding drug safety. Magnesium sulfate, which has long been used in obstetrics, has bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects and a favorable safety profile in pregnancy. Objective: This case report aimed to evaluate the use of adjunctive inhaled magnesium sulfate in a pregnant woman with life-threatening acute asthma exacerbation and type II respiratory failure. Method: This article was prepared as a clinical case report based on clinical data, physical examination, laboratory findings, arterial blood gas monitoring, thoracic radiography, echocardiography, treatment course, and follow-up during intensive care. Result: A 28-year-old primigravida at 24 weeks of gestation presented with progressive dyspnea unresponsive to initial inhalation therapy. The patient developed type II respiratory failure with severe respiratory acidosis and hypercapnia, shown by pH 7.01-7.14 and pCO2 77-100 mmHg, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Alongside systemic corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators, intravenous aminophylline, antibiotics, sedation, and ventilatory support, adjunctive nebulized MgSO4 was administered at 0.2 mL diluted with 3 mL NaCl every 8 hours. Gradual improvement was observed, with pCO2 declining to 47 mmHg, improvement of respiratory status, correction of electrolyte imbalance, successful extubation, and stable fetal condition. Conclusion: Nebulized magnesium sulfate may be considered a safe and potentially effective adjunctive therapy in life-threatening asthma exacerbation during pregnancy, particularly when response to standard therapy is inadequate.

 

Keywords: Acute Severe Asthma, Hypercapnia, Inhaled Magnesium Sulfate, Pregnancy, Type II Respiratory Failure.

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Asma merupakan penyakit pernapasan kronis yang sering dijumpai pada kehamilan, dengan prevalensi 3-12%. Eksaserbasi asma pada kehamilan dapat menimbulkan komplikasi serius bagi ibu maupun janin, seperti hipoksemia, kelahiran prematur, hingga kematian terkait asma. Tatalaksana eksaserbasi berat sering kali menantang karena keterbatasan respons terhadap beta2-agonist dan kekhawatiran terhadap keamanan obat. Magnesium sulfat, yang telah lama digunakan di bidang obstetri, memiliki efek bronkodilator dan antiinflamasi serta profil keamanan yang baik pada ibu hamil. Tujuan: Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan magnesium sulfat inhalasi sebagai terapi adjuvan pada pasien hamil dengan eksaserbasi asma akut serangan berat, gagal napas tipe II, dan risiko kematian akibat asma. Metode: Artikel ini disusun sebagai laporan kasus klinis berdasarkan data klinis pasien, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan laboratorium, analisis gas darah, radiografi thoraks, echocardiography, perjalanan terapi, dan follow-up selama perawatan intensif. Hasil: Seorang perempuan 28 tahun, G1P0A0 usia kehamilan 24 minggu, datang dengan sesak napas progresif yang tidak membaik setelah terapi inhalasi awal. Pasien mengalami gagal napas tipe II dengan pH 7,01-7,14 dan pCO2 77-100 mmHg sehingga memerlukan intubasi dan ventilasi mekanik. Selain terapi standar berupa kortikosteroid sistemik, bronkodilator inhalasi, aminofilin intravena, antibiotik, sedasi, dan dukungan ventilasi, pasien mendapat nebulisasi MgSO4 0,2 mL yang diencerkan dengan NaCl 3 mL tiap 8 jam. Perbaikan bertahap dicapai dengan penurunan pCO2 menjadi 47 mmHg, perbaikan klinis respirasi, perbaikan gangguan elektrolit, keberhasilan ekstubasi, serta kondisi janin yang tetap stabil. Kesimpulan: Nebulisasi magnesium sulfat dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai terapi adjuvan yang aman dan potensial efektif pada eksaserbasi asma akut derajat berat pada kehamilan, terutama ketika respons terhadap terapi standar tidak mencukupi.

 

Kata Kunci: Asma Akut Berat, Gagal Napas Tipe II, Hiperkapnia, Kehamilan, Magnesium Sulfat Inhalasi.


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v6i8.26859

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