Factors Influencing Men’s Willingness to Undergo Vasectomy in Indonesia Based on the Ecological Model: A Literature Review

Abstract

The high population growth rate in Indonesia necessitates more inclusive birth control strategies, including enhanced male participation in Family Planning (FP) programs. Vasectomy represents a safe and effective long-term contraceptive method; however, its adoption rate remains low. This literature review aims to identify and analyze the factors influencing men's willingness to undergo vasectomy in Indonesia, using the Social Ecological Model of Public Health as a guiding framework. A systematic review was conducted on articles published in both Indonesian and English between 2019-2025. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar. Based on the inclusion criteria, 12 publications employing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches were analyzed. The findings indicate that male participation in vasectomy is influenced by factors across multiple levels: individual (knowledge, attitudes, perceptions), interpersonal (spousal support), community (social stigma, cultural norms), and policy (access to information and healthcare services). Spousal support and perceptions of masculinity emerged as significant determinants. These findings underscore the importance of multilevel, gender-responsive intervention strategies in designing contextually relevant male FP programs.