Breastfeeding Practices During The First 1000 Days And Their Long-Term Association With Stunting In Children Under Five: A Systematic Literature Review

Kadek Yuke Widyantari* -  Program Studi S1 Kebidanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Panca Bhakti, Lampung, Indonesia, Indonesia
Rully Fatriani -  Program Studi D3 Kebidanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Panca Bhakti, Lampung, Indonesia, Indonesia
Nirma Lidia Sari -  Program Studi S1 Kebidanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Panca Bhakti, Lampung, Indonesia, Indonesia
Akma listiana -  Program Studi Profesi Kebidanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Panca Bhakti, Lampung, Indonesia, Indonesia
DOI : 10.33024/jkm.v11i7.21055

Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang masih bertahan di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah, dengan dampak jangka panjang terhadap pertumbuhan fisik dan perkembangan kognitif anak. Praktik menyusui selama 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan telah diidentifikasi sebagai faktor penting yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan linear, meskipun hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan temuan yang beragam.

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau secara sistematis bukti terkini mengenai hubungan antara praktik menyusui selama 1000 HPK dengan risiko stunting pada anak di bawah usia lima tahun.

Metode: Tinjauan literatur sistematis dilakukan mengikuti pedoman PRISMA. Pencarian dilakukan pada database PubMed, ScienceDirect, dan ProQuest, dengan batasan tahun terbit 2020–2025. Seleksi artikel menggunakan kerangka PICOS, dan penilaian kualitas menggunakan instrumen dari Joanna Briggs Institute.

Hasil: Sebanyak 12 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi. ASI eksklusif secara konsisten dikaitkan dengan penurunan risiko stunting. Inisiasi menyusui dini bersifat protektif, sementara menyusui lebih dari 12 bulan pada keluarga berpenghasilan rendah dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko stunting akibat rendahnya keberagaman makanan. MP-ASI yang tidak memadai, berat badan lahir rendah, dan infeksi berulang turut memperburuk risiko.

Kesimpulan: Praktik menyusui yang optimal selama 1000 HPK sangat penting untuk mencegah stunting. Keberhasilan menyusui perlu didukung oleh pendidikan ibu, pemberian MP-ASI yang sesuai, serta intervensi multifaktorial.

Saran: Diperlukan program edukasi yang berkelanjutan bagi ibu mengenai praktik menyusui dan pemberian MP-ASI yang tepat, serta kebijakan yang mendukung intervensi lintas sektor untuk menanggulangi faktor risiko stunting secara komprehensif.

 

Kata Kunci: menyusui, stunting, 1000 hari, MP-ASI, nutrisi dini, pertumbuhan anak

 

ABSTRACT

 

Background: Stunting remains a persistent public health issue in low- and middle-income countries, with long-term consequences for children's physical and cognitive development. Breastfeeding during the first 1000 days has been identified as a critical factor influencing linear growth, though previous studies have yielded mixed findings.

Objective: This study aims to systematically review recent evidence on the relationship between breastfeeding practices during the first 1000 days and the risk of stunting among children under five.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA framework. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest, limited to studies published between 2020 and 2025. The PICOS model guided the inclusion criteria, and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used for quality appraisal.

Results: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Exclusive breastfeeding was consistently associated with reduced stunting risk. Early initiation of breastfeeding had a protective effect, whereas prolonged breastfeeding beyond 12 months in poor households increased stunting risk, likely due to poor dietary diversity. Inadequate complementary feeding, low birth weight, and recurrent infections further compounded the risk.

Conclusion: Optimal breastfeeding during the first 1000 days significantly reduces the risk of stunting. However, successful breastfeeding requires maternal education, appropriate complementary feeding, and multifactorial interventions.

Suggestion: Sustainable maternal education programs and integrated policy support are essential to promote optimal feeding practices. Multisectoral interventions addressing nutrition, healthcare access, food security, and sanitation are recommended to effectively reduce stunting rates in vulnerable populations.

 

Keywords: breastfeeding, stunting, 1000 days, complementary feeding, early nutrition, child growth

Keywords : breastfeeding; stunting; 1000 days; complementary feeding; early nutrition; child growth

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