Determinan Gangguan Otot Rangka Akibat Kerja (Gotrak) pada Pengemudi Ojek Online di Kota Denpasar

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ABSTRACT

The development of online transportation as part of urban transport systems has increased drivers’ work demands, including long working hours, exposure to vehicle vibration, and prolonged static working postures. These conditions may increase the risk of developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). This study aimed to describe the occurrence of WMSDs and to analyze the associations between individual characteristics, job characteristics, and PPE use with WMSDs among online motorcycle taxi drivers in Denpasar City. This study employed an analytical cross-sectional design involving 278 online motorcycle taxi drivers in Denpasar City. Respondents were selected based on eligibility criteria using a convenience sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through direct observation and structured questionnaires, utilizing a biodata form, the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to assess workload, the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) to measure fatigue, and the GOTRAK survey based on SNI 9011:2021. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with the chi-square test, and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. A total of 75.9% of drivers reported experiencing work-related musculoskeletal disorders, with mild (24.1%), moderate (53.6%), and severe (22.3%) levels of severity. The most frequently affected body regions were the neck, shoulders, upper back, and lower back. Individual factors significantly associated with WMSDs included age, sex, educational level, smoking behavior, physical activity habits, and health status (p<0.05). All job characteristics working hours, length of employment, workload, and fatigue were significantly associated with WMSDs (p<0.05), whereas PPE use was not significantly associated (p=0.074). Age, sex, education level, smoking behavior, exercise habits, health status, working hours, length of employment, workload, and fatigue were significantly associated with WMSDs among Gojek drivers in Denpasar. The statistically protective association observed for smoking behavior was likely influenced by confounding factors and does not reflect a biologically protective effect, whereas good health status acts as a protective factor against WMSDs. Long working hours and longer employment duration were identified as dominant risk factors for WMSDs. Preventive efforts are needed through the regulation of workload and working hours, ergonomic education, and the promotion of healthy lifestyles to reduce the risk of WMSDs.

Keywords: Online Motorcycle Taxi Driver, Wmsds, Work Duration, Workload.

ABSTRAK

Perkembangan transportasi daring sebagai bagian dari sistem transportasi perkotaan meningkatkan tuntutan kerja pengemudi, seperti durasi kerja panjang, paparan getaran kendaraan, dan postur kerja statis dalam waktu lama. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi meningkatkan risiko terjadinya gangguan otot rangka akibat kerja (GOTRAK). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan kejadian GOTRAK serta menganalisis hubungan karakteristik individu, karakteristik pekerjaan, dan penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD) dengan kejadian GOTRAK pada pengemudi ojek online di Kota Denpasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional yang melibatkan 278 pengemudi ojek online di Kota Denpasar. Responden dipilih berdasarkan kriteria eligibilitas menggunakan teknik convenience sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi langsung dan kuesioner terstruktur, menggunakan instrumen berupa daftar isian biodata, kuesioner NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) untuk menilai beban kerja, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) untuk mengukur kelelahan, serta survei GOTRAK berdasarkan SNI 9011:2021. Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-square, dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik biner. Sebanyak 75,9% pengemudi melaporkan mengalami keluhan muskuloskeletal terkait kerja (GOTRAK) dengan tingkat keparahan ringan (24,1%), sedang (53,6%), dan berat (22,3%). Keluhan paling banyak terjadi pada leher, bahu, punggung atas, dan punggung bawah. Faktor individu yang berhubungan signifikan dengan GOTRAK meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, perilaku merokok, kebiasaan olahraga, dan status kesehatan (p<0,05). Seluruh karakteristik pekerjaan yaitu durasi kerja, masa kerja, beban kerja, dan kelelahan berhubungan signifikan dengan GOTRAK (p<0,05), sedangkan penggunaan APD tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna (p=0,074). Faktor usia, jenis kelamin, riwayat pendidikan, perilaku merokok, kebiasaan olahraga, status kesehatan, durasi kerja, masa kerja, beban kerja, dan kelelahan berhubungan signifikan dengan GOTRAK pada pengemudi Gojek di Denpasar. Hubungan protektif secara statistik pada perilaku merokok diduga dipengaruhi oleh faktor perancu sehingga tidak mencerminkan efek protektif secara biologis sedangkan status kesehatan berperan sebagai faktor protektif terhadap kejadian GOTRAK, sedangkan durasi kerja dan masa kerja merupakan faktor risiko dominan terhadap kejadian GOTRAK. Diperlukan upaya pencegahan melalui pengaturan beban dan waktu kerja, edukasi ergonomi, serta promosi gaya hidup sehat untuk menurunkan risiko GOTRAK.

Kata Kunci: Ojek Online, GOTRAK, Durasi Kerja, Beban Kerja.