Pengetahuan Perawat tentang Skrining Disfagia Dalam Deteksi Dini Resiko Aspirasi: Kajian Literatur

Maria Priliantari Ayu Kusumo Wardhani, Maria Astrid

Sari


ABSTRAK

 

Disfagia merupakan komplikasi yang sering terjadi pada pasien dengan gangguan neurologis, khususnya stroke, dan menjadi penyebab utama aspirasi serta pneumonia aspirasi yang berdampak pada peningkatan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan lama rawat inap. Deteksi dini disfagia melalui skrining direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan keselamatan pasien. Perawat memiliki peran penting dalam skrining disfagia, namun variasi tingkat pengetahuan perawat dapat memengaruhi efektivitas deteksi dini risiko aspirasi. Literature review ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mensintesis bukti ilmiah mengenai pengetahuan perawat tentang skrining disfagia dalam deteksi dini risiko aspirasi. Literature review dilakukan terhadap jurnal nasional dan internasional bereputasi yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2020–2025. Penelusuran dilakukan melalui basis data PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct, ProQuest, dan Google Scholar. Artikel diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi yang berfokus pada pengetahuan perawat, skrining disfagia, dan risiko aspirasi. Data dianalisis menggunakan kerangka PICOT dan disintesis secara naratif. Sebanyak 20 artikel dianalisis. Sebagian besar studi observasional menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan perawat tentang skrining disfagia berada pada kategori rendah hingga sedang, terutama pada aspek identifikasi risiko aspirasi, prosedur skrining, dan pendokumentasian. Tingkat pengetahuan yang lebih baik berkaitan dengan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi, pengalaman klinis, bekerja di unit neurologi atau perawatan intensif, serta pengalaman mengikuti pelatihan disfagia. Studi intervensi menunjukkan bahwa edukasi terstruktur, pelatihan berbasis video, program berbasis kompetensi, dan implementasi skrining disfagia berbasis perawat secara signifikan meningkatkan pengetahuan, efikasi diri, dan praktik skrining perawat. Pengetahuan perawat tentang skrining disfagia masih belum optimal di berbagai setting pelayanan kesehatan. Penguatan pendidikan berkelanjutan, standardisasi protokol skrining disfagia, dan dukungan institusional diperlukan untuk meningkatkan deteksi dini risiko aspirasi dan keselamatan pasien.

 

Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan Perawat, Skrining Disfagia, Risiko Aspirasi.  

 

ABSTRACT

 

Dysphagia is a frequent complication among patients with neurological disorders, particularly stroke, and is a major contributor to aspiration and aspiration pneumonia, which significantly increase morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. Early detection of dysphagia through bedside screening is strongly recommended to improve patient safety. Nurses play a critical role in dysphagia screening; however, variations in nurses’ knowledge may hinder optimal early detection of aspiration risk. This literature review aims to synthesize evidence regarding nurses’ knowledge of dysphagia screening in the early detection of aspiration risk. A literature review was conducted using national and international peer-reviewed journals published between 2020 and 2025. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria focusing on nurses’ knowledge, dysphagia screening, and aspiration risk. Data were extracted and analyzed using a structured PICOT framework, and findings were synthesized narratively. 
A total of 20 studies were included. Most observational studies reported that nurses’ knowledge of dysphagia screening ranged from low to moderate, particularly in identifying aspiration risk, screening procedures, and documentation. Higher knowledge levels were associated with higher educational background, clinical experience, work in neurological or critical care units, and prior dysphagia training. Educational interventions, such as structured training programs, video-based education, competency-based programs, and implementation of nurse-led screening tools, consistently demonstrated significant improvements in nurses’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and screening practices. Nurses’ knowledge of dysphagia screening remains suboptimal in many clinical settings, despite its crucial role in early detection of aspiration risk. Structured and continuous education, standardization of dysphagia screening protocols, and institutional support are essential to enhance nurses’ knowledge, improve screening practices, and promote patient safety.

 

Keyword: Nurses’ Knowledge, Dysphagia Screening, Aspiration Risk.


Kata Kunci


Latar Belakang: Disfagia merupakan komplikasi yang sering terjadi pada pasien dengan gangguan neurologis, khususnya stroke, dan menjadi penyebab utama aspirasi serta pneumonia aspirasi yang berdampak pada peningkatan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan lama rawat

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Referensi


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v8i7.25367

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