Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Bayi dan Balita (Anak Usia 0-59 Bulan) di Wonosobo

Fibrinika Tuta Setiani, Abdullah Azam Mustajab

Sari


ABSTRACT

 

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem which results in very short or stunted children's height. Stunting results in increased morbidity, mortality, poor child development, learning capacity, increased risk of infection, non-communicable diseases in adulthood, decreased productivity and economic capacity. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between risk factors and the incidence of stunting in the village of Slukatan, Wonosobo. The study used a cross-sectional design with a population of 161 toddlers and 56 toddlers who were stunted. Data analysis used chi square analysis and logistic regression. The results of the chi square analysis showed low birth weight (OR= 4.89), gender (OR= 2.60), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 3.11), disease (OR= 3.42), economic status (OR= 2.25), mother's education (OR= 3.97) and mother's height (OR=5.61) are risk factors for stunting. The results of the logistic regression test showed that three independent variables were significantly related, such as economic status (OR= 4.05, 95%CI= 1.40-8.90), mother's education (OR= 4.42, 95%CI= 1.49-7.71) and mother's height (OR= 4.98 , 95% CI = 1.60-12.35). There are four variables that are not significantly related, such as low birth weight (OR= 1.52, 95% CI= 0.42-2.33), gender (OR= 1.73, 95% CI= 0.55-1.79), exclusive breastfeeding (OR= 2.30, 95% CI= 0.83 -3.51) and disease (OR= 2.32, 95% CI= 0.84-2.43). The conclusion of research variables such as low birth weight, gender, exclusive breastfeeding, disease, economic status, mother's education and mother's height are risk factors for stunting.

 

Keywords: Infants, Toddlers, Risk Factors, Stunting

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Stunting menjadi permasalah gizi kronik yang mengakibatkan tinggi badan anak sangat pendek atau kerdil. Stunting mengakibatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas meningkat, buruknya perkembangan anak, kapasitas belajar, risiko infeksi meningkat, penyakit tidak menular di masa dewasa, produktivitas dan kemampuan ekonomi menurun. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian stunting di desa Slukatan, Wonosobo. Peneltian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan populasi 161 bayi balita dan 56 bayi balita yang mengalami stunting. Analisis data menggunakan analisis chi square dan regresi logistik. Hasil analisis chi square menunjukkan BBLR (OR= 4.89), jenis kelamin (OR= 2.60), ASI eksklusif (OR= 3.11), penyakit (OR= 3.42), status ekonomi (OR= 2.25), pendidikan ibu (OR= 3.97) dan tinggi badan ibu (OR=5.61) menjadi faktor risiko stunting. Hasil uji regresi logistik menunjukkan tiga variabel bebas berhubungan signifikan seperti status ekonomi (OR= 4.05, 95%CI= 1.40-8.90), pendidikan ibu (OR= 4.42, 95%CI= 1.49-7.71) dan tinggi badan ibu (OR= 4.98, 95%CI= 1.60-12.35). Terdapat empat variabel tidak berhubungan signifikan seperti BBLR (OR= 1.52, 95%CI= 0.42-2.33), jenis kelamin (OR= 1.73, 95%CI= 0.55-1.79), ASI eksklusif (OR= 2.30, 95%CI= 0.83-3.51) dan penyakit (OR= 2.32, 95%CI= 0.84-2.43). Kesimpulan variabel penelitian seperti BBLR, jenis kelamin, ASI eksklusif, penyakit, status ekonomi, pendidikan ibu dan tinggi badan ibu menjadi faktor risiko stunting.

 

Kata Kunci: Bayi, Balita, Faktor Risiko, Stunting


Kata Kunci


Baby, Toddler, Risk Factor, Stunting

Teks Lengkap:

Download Artikel

Referensi


Action Against Hunger International Network. (2007). Interactions Of: Malnutrition, Water Sanitation And Hygiene, Infections. Ircwash.Org. Https://Www.Ircwash.Org/Resources/Interactions-Malnutrition-Water-Sanitation-And-Hygiene-Infections

Apriluana, G., & Fikawati, S. (2018). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Risiko Terhadap Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita (0-59 Bulan) Di Negara Berkembang Dan Asia Tenggara. Media Litbangkes, 28(4), 247–256. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.22435/Mpk.V28i4.472

Arlius, A., Sudargo, T., & Subejo. (2017). Hubungan Ketahanan Pangan Keluarga Dengan Status Gizi Balita (Studi Di Desa Palasari Dan Puskesmas Kecamatan Legok, Kabupaten Tangerang). Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 23(3), 359–375.

Astutik, Rahfiludin, M. Z., & Aruben, R. (2018). Faktor Risiko Kejadian Stunting Pada Anak Balita Usia 24-59 Bulan (Studi Kasus Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Gabus Ii Kabupaten Pati Tahun 2017). Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (E-Journal), 6(1), 409–418.

Bardosono, S., Sastroamidjojo, S., & Lukito, W. (2007). Determinants Of Child Malnutrition During The 1999 Economic Crisis In Selected Poor Areas Of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 16(3), 512–526.

Berndt, S. I., Gustafsson, S., Magi, R., Ganna, A., E. Wheeler, Feitosa, M. F., & Al, E. (2013). Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies 11 New Loci For Anthropometric Traits And Provides Insights Into Genetic Architecture. Nat Genet, 45, 501–512.

Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Lch, F., Andersen, C. T., Am, D., Lu, C., & At Al. (2017). Early Childhood Development Coming Of Age: Science Through The Life Course. Lancet, 389, 77–90.

Bloss, E., Wainaina, F., & Bailey, R. C. (2004). Prevalence And Predictors Of Underweight, Stunting, And Wasting Among Children Aged 5 And Under In Western Kenya. J Of Trop Pediatrics, 5(5), 260–270.

Casapia, M., Joseph, S. A., Nunez, C., & Al, E. (2006). Parasite Risk Factors For Stunting In Grade 5 Students In A Community Of Extreme Poverty In Peru. Int J Parasitol, 36(7), 741–747. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J. Ijpara.2006.03.004

Checkley, W., Epstein, L. D., Gilman, R. H., Cabrera, L., & Black, R. E. (2003). Effects Of Acute Diarrhea On Linear Growth In Peruvian Children. Am J Epidemiol, 157(2), 166–175.

Dewey, K. G., & Begum, K. (2011). Long-Term Consequences Of Stunting In Early Life. Maternal, 7(Suppl.3), 5–18. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1740-8709.2011.00349.X

El Taguri, A., Betilmal, I., Mahmud, S. M., Monem Ahmed, A., Goulet, O., Galan, P., & Hercberg, S. (2009). Risk Factors For Stunting Among Under-Fives In Libya. Public Health Nutrition, 12(8), 1141–1149. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S1368980008003716

Ergin, F., Okyay, P., Atasoylu, G., & Beser, E. (2007). Nutritional Status And Risk Factors Of Chronic Malnutrition In Children Under Five Years Of Age In Aydin, A Western City Of Turkey. Turkish Journal Of Pediatrics, 49, 283–289.

Fachrisa, M. P. N., Kurniawati, N. K., & Nesia, A. (2020). Strategi Komunikasi Bkkbn Provinsi Banten Dalam Menanggulangi Stunting Di Desa Bayumundu, Pandeglang. Journal Of Scientific Communication (Jsc), 1(1), 49–55. Https://Doi.Org/10.31506/Jsc.V1i1.7767

Fikawati, S., & Syafiq, A. (2010). Kajian Implementasi Kebijakan Asi Eksklusif Dan Imd Di Indonesia. Makara Kesehat, 14(1), 17– 24.

Fikrina, L. T., & Rokhanawati, D. (2017). Hubungan Tingkat Sosial Ekonomi Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 24-59 Bulan Di Desa Karangrejek Wonosari Gunung Kidul. Universitas ’Aisyiyah Yogyakarta.

Fink, G., Peet, E., Danaei, G., Andrews, K., Mccoy, D. C., Sudfeld, C. R., & At Al. (2016). Schooling And Wage Income Losses Due To Early Childhood Growth Faltering In Developing Countries: National, Regional, And Global Estimates. Am J Clin Nutr, 104(1), 104–12.

Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, International Fund For Agricultural Development, United Nations Children’s Fund, World Food Programme, & World Health Organization. (2018). The State Of Food Security And Nutrition In The World 2018. Building Climate Resilience For Food Security And Nutrition.

Girma, W., & Genebo, T. (2002). Determinants Of The Nutritional Status Of Mothers And Children In Ethiopia.

Grantham-Mcgregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007). Developmental Potential In The First 5 Years For Children In Developing Countries. Lancet, 369(9555), 60–70.

Hong, R. (2007). Effect Of Economic Inequality On Chro-Nic Childhood Under Nutrition In Ghana. Public Health Nutrition, 10(4), 371—378.

Kkbpmk Ri. (2020). Perencanaan Keluarga Untuk Mencegah Stunting.

Kramer, M. S. (1987). Determinants Of Low Birth Weight: Methodological Assessment And Meta-Analysis. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 65, 663–737.

Kramer, M. S., Olivier, M., Mclean, F. H., Illis, D. M., & Usher, R. H. (1990). Impact Of Intrauterine Growth Retardation And Body Proportionality On Fetal And Neonatal Outcome. Pediatrics, 86, 707–713.

Kuntari, T., Jamil, N. A., & Kurniati, O. (2013). Faktor Risiko Malnutrisi Pada Balita. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional, 7(572–576).

Lamberti, L. M., Walker, C. L. F., Noiman, A., Victora, C., & Black, R. E. (2011). Breastfeeding And The Risk For Diarrhea Morbidity And Mortality. Bmc Public Health, 11(3), S15.

Larasati, N. N. (2018). Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Usia 25-59 Bulan Di Posyandu Wilayah Puskesmas Wonosari Ii Tahun 2017. Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan.

Lee, J., Houser, R. F., Must, A., Fulladolsa, P. P. De, & Bermudez, O. (2010). Disentangling Nutritional Factors And Household Characteristics Related To Child Stunting And Maternal Overweight In Guatemala. Economics And Human Biology, 8(2), 188–196.

Lesiapeto, M., Smuts, C., Hanekom, S., Du Plessis, J., & Faber, M. (2010). Risk Factors Of Poor Anthropometric Status In Children Under Five Years Of Age Living In Rural Districts Of The Eastern Cape And Kwazulu-Natal Provinces, South Africa. South African Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 23(4), 202–207. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/16070658.2010.11734339

Lestari, W., Margawati, A., & Rahfiludin, M. Z. (2014). Faktor Risiko Stunting Pada Anak Umur 6-24 Bulan Di Kecamatan Penanggalan Kota Subulussalam Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia, 3(1), 37–45.

Loya, R. R. P., & Nuryanto, N. (2017). Pola Asuh Pemberian Makan Pada Bayi Stunting Usia 6-12 Bulan Di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Timur. J Nutr Coll, 6(1), 84–95.

Manggala, A. K., Wiswa, K., Kenwa, M., Me, M., Kenwa, L., Agung, A., Dwinaldo, G., Jaya, P., Agung, A., & Sawitri, S. (2018). Risk Factors Of Stunting In Children Aged 24-59 Months. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 58(5), 205–212.

Martorell, R., & Zongrone, A. (2012). Intergenerational Influences On Child Growth And Undernutrition. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 26(1), 302–314.

Medhin, G., Hanlon, C., Dewey, M., Alem, A., Tesfaye, F., Worku, B., Tomlinson, M., & Prince, M. (2010). Prevalence And Predictors Of Undernutrition Among Infants Aged Six And Twelve Months In Butajira, Ethiopia: The P-Mamie Birth Cohort. Bmc Public Health, 10(27), 1–15. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-27

Nadiyah, Briawan, D., & Martianto, D. (2014). Faktor Risiko Stunting Pada Anak Usia 0-23 Bulan Di Provinsi Bali, Jawa Barat Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 9(2), 125–132.

Oddo, V. M., Rah, J. H., Semba, R. D., Sun, K., Akhter, N., Sari, M., & Kraemer, K. (2012). Predictors Of Maternal And Child Double Burden Of Malnutrition In Rural Indonesia And Bangladesh. The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, 95(4), 951–958. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.3945/ Ajcn.111.026070

Oktarina, Z., & Sudiarti, T. (2013). Faktor Risiko Stunting Pada Balita (24-59 Bulan) Di Sumatera. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 8(3), 175–180.

Paudel, R., Pradhan, B., Wagle, R. R., Pahari, D. P., & Onta, S. R. (2012). Risk Factors For Stunting Among Children: A Community Based Case Control Study In Nepal. Kathmandu University Med J, 10(3), 18–24.

Pusdatin Kemekes Ri. (2018). Buletin Jendela (Situasi Balita Pendek (Stunting) Di Indonesia). In Kementerian Kesehatan Ri.

Rachmi, C. N., Agho, K. E., Li, M., & Baur, L. A. (2016). Stunting Coexisting With Overweight In 2•0–4•9-Year-Old Indonesian Children: Prevalence, Trends And Associated Risk Factors From Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys. Public Health Nutrition, 19(15), 2698–2707. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/ 10.1017/S1368980016000926

Rahayu, R. M., Pamungkasari, E. P., & Wekadigawan, C. S. P. (2018). The Biopsychosocial Determinants Of Stunting And Wasting In Children Aged 12-48 Months. Journal Of Maternal And Child Health, 3(2), 105–118. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.26911/Thejmch

Ramli, A. K., Inder, K. J., Bowe, S. J., Jacobs, J., & Dibley, M. J. (2009). Prevalence And Risk Factors For Stunting And Severe Stunting Among Under-Fives In North Maluku Province Of Indonesia. Bmc Pediatrics, 9, 64–73.

Ramli, Agho, K. E., Inder, K. J., Bowe, S. J., Jacobs, J., & Dibley, M. J. (2009). Prevalence And Risk Factors For Stunting And Severe Stunting Among Under-Fives In North Maluku Province Of Indonesia. Bmc Pediatrics, 9(64), 1–10. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/1471-2431-9-64

Saaka, M., & Galaa, S. Z. (2016). Relationships Between Wasting And Stunting And Their Concurrent Occurrence In Ghanaian Preschool Children. Journal Of Nutrition And Metabolism, 2016, 1–11. Https://Doi.Org/Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1155/2016/4654920

Sackey, M. . E., Weigel, M. M., & Armijos, R. X. (2003). Predictors And Nutritional Consequences Of Intestinal Parasitic Infections In Rural Ecuadorian Children. J Trop Pediatr, 49(1), 17–23. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi. Org/10.1093/Tropej/49.1.17

Semba, R. D., De Pee, S., Sunsari, K., Akhter, M. N., & Bloem, M. . W. (2008). Effect Of Parental Formal Education On Risk Of Child Stunting In Indonesia And Bangladesh: A Cross‐Sectional Study. Lancet, 371(9609), 322–328. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(08)60169‐5

Semba, R. D., Moench‐Pfanner, R., Sun, K., De Pee, S., Akhter, N., Rah, J. H., & Kraemer, K. (2011). Consumption Of Micronutrient‐Fortified Milk And Noodles Is Associated With Lower Risk Of Stunting In Preschool‐Aged Children In Indonesia. Food And Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 347–353. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/156482651103200406

Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Contextualising Complementary Feeding In A Broader Framework For Stunting Prevention. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 9, 27–45. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Mcn.12088

Torlesse, H., Cronin, A. A., Sebayang, S. K., & Nandy, R. (2016). Determinants Of Stunting In Indonesian Children: Evidence From A Cross-Sectional Survey Indicate A Prominent Role For The Water, Sanitation And Hygiene Sector In Stunting Reduction. Bmc Public Health, 16(669). Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12889‐016‐3339‐8

Tumilowicz, A., Beal, T., & Neufeld, L. M. (2018). A Review Of Child Stunting Determinants In Indonesia. Maternal & Child Nutrition Child Nutrition, E12617(March), 1–10. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Mcn.12617

Unicef, & Who. (2004). Low Birth Weight: Country, Regional And Global Estimate.

United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, & World Bank Group. (2017). Levels And Trends In Child Malnutrition. Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates 2017.

Vaivada, T., Akseer, N., Akseer, S., Somaskandan, A., Stefopulos, M., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Stunting In Childhood : An Overview Of Global Burden, Trends, Determinants, And Drivers Of Decline. Am J Clin Nutr, 112(Suppl), 777s-791s.

Victora, C. G., Adair, L., Fall, C., Hallal, P. C., Martorell, R., Richter, L., Sachdev, H. S., & For The Maternal And Child Undernutrition Study Group. (2008). Maternal And Child Undernutrition: Consequences For Adult Health And Human Capital. Lancet, 371(9609), 340–357. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1016%2fs0140-6736(07)61692-4

Waterlow, J. C. (1994). Introduction. Causes And Mechanisms Of Linear Growth Retardation (Stunting). Eur J Clin Nutr, 48(1), S1–S4.

Who. (2014). Global Targets 2025. Who.Int. Http://Www.Who.Int/Nutrition/Topics/Nutrition_Globaltar%0agets2025/En/

Who. (2021). The Unicef/Who/Wb Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates (Jme) Group Released New Data For 2021. Who.Int. Https://Www.Who.Int/News/Item/06-05-2021-The-Unicef-Who-Wb-Joint-Child-Malnutrition-Estimates-Group-Released-New-Data-For-2021

Yanti, N. D., Betriana, F., & Kartika, I. R. (2020). Faktor Penyebab Stunting Pada Anak: Tinjauan Literatur. Real In Nursing Journal (Rnj), 3(1), 1–10.

Zikria, W., Masrul, & Bustami, L. E. S. (2018). The Association Between Mother’ S Care Practices With Stunting Incident In Children Age 12-35 Months In Air Dingin Primary Health Center Padang 2018. Journal Of Midwifery, 3(2), 176–189.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v5i7.8971

Refbacks

  • Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.


Penerbit: Universitas Malahayati


 Creative Commons License

Semua artikel dapat digunakan dibawah lisensi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License